MACROERGONOMICS

Ergonomics is about designing for people, wherever they interact with products, systems or processes.

Macroergonomics or Organizational ergonomics is concerned with the optimization of socio-technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. (Relevant topics include communication, crew resource management, work design, work systems, design of working times, teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.)

 The goal of macroergonomics is a fully harmonized work system at both the macro- and micro-ergonomic level which results in improved productivity, job satisfaction, health and safety, and employee commitment.

 We live in a society in which employees’ well-being has a direct impact on a company’s results. The main cost components are medical costs, productivity losses, and human costs (loss of life). It is clear that such vast problems cannot be solved easily. Holistically, it is important to view well-being issues in the workplace from both detailed and systemic perspectives. Together, these views can provide more sustainable solutions than local safety fixes.

Hence we can say that, Macroergonomics, is the field of science that concentrates on designing overall work systems (WS) by providing the knowledge and methods necessary for the improvement of work systems and, thus, developing the effectiveness and performance of companies (Hendricks, 1996).

The process…

The process typically involves designing, analysing, developing, and improving work systems. Macro-level problems cannot be solved by micro-level solutions, but micro-level problems can be solved with macro-level solutions.

In contrast with (micro)ergonomics, which deals with human-machine, human-task, human-interface, usability, and safety-type issues in the workplace, macroergonomics is a system-level approach to designing the interaction between humans and technology and to understanding how activities and processes are organized to produce products and services for customers.

Macroergonomics aims at a holistic understanding of how work is designed from the top-down, in such a way that macroergonomic design is considered first, work system design second, and microergonomic design last.. The concept of socio-technical systems (STS) in organisational development provides a theoretical foundation for macroergonomics. STS explores how people and technology interact in the workplace.

Socio-Technical Systems

The more complex work systems become, the more important it is to understand the interaction between humans and technology.

The main concepts of STS are humans, tasks, structure, technology (hardware and software), and processes, as well as regulations, policies, and culture. According to macroergonomics, socio-technical work systems consist of five elements:

•           Technology is needed to carry out the goals set for the work system. With the help of technology, tasks and problems can be solved.

•           People (personnel) occupy a core role in work systems, since only people can achieve goals with the help of technology. Important aspects regarding people include competence, demographics, psychosocial factors, and teams.

•           Organisational design specifies how technology and people are organised and managed together in work systems. Contemporary areas include lean processes and digitalisation.

•           The external environment is something that cannot be influenced from inside work systems.

•           The internal environment includes considerations such as the psychosocial and physical environment and cultures that are not part of the system design.

 Different human factors and ergonomic theories and methods can be applied to various levels of the macroergonomic design process. A macroergonomic system may include several interconnected work systems. Interfaces are areas in which interactions between humans and machines and software occur. Interfaces are typically designed to support goal-oriented human being and activity.

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What is an ergonomic chair?

 An ergonomic chair is one that is designed to best support the body when sitting at a desk.

 It aims to find a solution to body pains and strains created by using a standard chair for prolonged periods.

 The ergonomic chair considers posture, back support, distribution of weight, comfort, and movement.

 It should have multiple adjustable parts, so it uniquely fits every user and every user can sit comfortably at work.

What makes a chair ergonomic?

Seat height

What makes a chair ergonomic is its seat height adjustment.

Everyone is different, so it is important that the seat height can be altered. The optimal seat height should allow you to place your feet flat on the floor.

A seat height that ranges from 16 to 21 inches off the floor should work for most people.

Seat width and depth

Proper seat depth should leave between 2 and 4 inches between the edge of the seat and the back of your knees.

If the seat is too far forward, it may put undue pressure at the back of the knees.

Seat tilt

What makes a chair ergonomic is also the seat tilt. Good ergonomic chairs allow the seat to tilt for correct positioning of the pelvis. Anterior pelvic tilt is a posture problem that affects almost everyone who sits a lot.

So it’s important to keep the pelvis in a neutral position when sitting, with 80-degree angles at the hips, knees and ankles.

Backrest lumbar support

The support given to your lower back is an essential feature of an ergonomic chair. This is what makes a chair ergonomic.

An adjustable backrest allows users to align the curve in the chair with the curve in their spine.

Ergonomic chairs support the natural S shape of the spine, which prevents slumping and reduces stress on the spine and the pelvis.

Backrest recline

An adjustable backrest is what makes a chair ergonomic. It allows people to move the backrest to more specifically support their natural spine position.

Swivel

The swivel in an ergonomic chair helps users with their manoeuvrability, making it easier to reach different points of their desks without having to strain too much.

Armrests

Armrests adjustment helps reduce tension in the upper body and allows the shoulders to relax.

Headrest

This part supports the back of the head and the upper neck, reducing tension in the shoulders and upper torso.

Materials

A good ergonomic chair is made out of comfortable materials. The material should not cause the user’s back to sweat.

High-end ergonomic chairs will use leather or velvet.

Wheels

If your chair will be used on a hard surface, find a chair with soft rubber wheels. If your workplace or home office is carpeted, opt for hard wheels to navigate better.

Ergonomic chairs help us a lot in reducing fatigue and strain. Here are the best reasons why ergonomic chairs are important:

 Posture support

 Enhance productivity

 Reduce pain

 Reduce hips pressure

 Adjustability

 Increase blood circulation

 Fewer workers’ compensation claims

 Designed for all users

 Optimum safety

 Long-term use

Here are steps on how to choose an ergonomic chair that you should know:

Step 1: Look for the ability to adjust the chair’s height.

Step 2: Consider who is going to use the chair.

Step 3: Make sure elements of the chair can be individually adjusted.

Step 4: Check the chair for adequate and middle back support.

Step 5: Examine the chair’s lumbar support.

Step 6: Make sure the backrest can be adjusted or reclined.

Step 7: Make sure the seat is the right size for you.

Step 8: Check the padding of the seat to make sure it is made of high quality.

Step 9: Consider if you can tilt the seat of the chair.

Step 10: Try out chairs in person.

Step 11: Consider the details of the chair.

Step 12: Search for different chair styles before deciding to buy it.

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