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09:41

Pearl Academy Scholarships

Greetings..
Pearl academy has cultivated creativity in the field of fashion, design and business since the last 25 years. From the day of its inception in 1993, the academy has evolved into a prominent institution of higher learning with a focus on student outcomes, international integration and exposure; entrepreneurship and employability; catering to the needs of the industry. As we celebrate our25 Years of Creative Impact, we’d like to call upon young minds to come and get a chance to be nurtured and get industry ready by avant-garde faculty at Pearl Academy.

We know the students have had a superb learning under your guidance and insist that quality education continues to enlighten their path. Thus, through ‘Quarter Century Scholarships’ contest we are providing 25 scholarships of Rs.2.5 lacs and 500 scholarships of Rs.50,000. The contest is open for admission into Under Graduate and Post Graduate program. They would be required to create and present their concepts to a high-profile jury. The topic for the contest is Technology and students will be expected to express their opinion on how effective use of technology plays a key role in areas such as:
  1. Pollution
  2. Corruption
  3. Safety and Security
  4. Stress
  5. Play
  6. Sustainability
  7. Fashion

The date of the contest is Saturday, 18th November 2017 in Delhi, Noida, Jaipur, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Patna and Bhopal while in Mumbai, the contest will be held on 25th November 2017.
We request you to promote the scholarship contest at your coaching center. Scholarship forms hardcopy has already been sent your office/centre by courier , in case you have not yet received then kindly reply mentioning your requirement .
For more details on the contest, students can visit our website: www.pearlacademy.com

Looking forward to your participation.

  
Thanks
Azad Ali
Mob: 8800209888,9873727311
Landline: 011-49807100/101, Ext: 8282



21:22

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16:40

The Top 10 Steel Arch Bridges

Some of the most impressive steel structures in the world are bridges. They are built out in the open, in plain view to be admired. The steel is obvious and visible, not hidden behind walls of glass or concrete.

1. Chaotianmen Bridge
 The Chaotianmen Bridge in the city of Chonqing, China, is the bridge with world’s longest steel arch, with a span of 552 metres. It carries both road and rail traffic across the Yangtze River. The total bridge length of 1,741 metres is not the longest in the world, although it is one of the longest steel arch bridges.

Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge

Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge

2. Lupu Bridge
Stretching 3,900 metres, the Lupa Bridge is the longest bridge on this list, although it is not the longest steel arch bridge in the world. The 2003 structure fords the Huangpu River in Shanghai, China, and takes second place on this list, because of its 550 arch span.

Lupu Bridge

Lupu Bridge

3. Bosideng Bridge
Our third-place bridge is located right in the heart of China’s interior, in the city of Luzhou in Sichuan province. It is the most recently completed bridge on this list, with an arch span of 530 metres and a total length of 841 metres.

Bosiding Bridge

Bosiding Bridge

4. New River Gorge Bridge
The largest steel arch span in the United States is the new River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia, measuring 518 metres. Dating back to 1977, the full length of this bridge is 924 metres.

New River Bridge


5. Bayonne Bridge
The oldest bridge on this list is also a US bridge, spanning the “Kill Van Kull” between Bayonne New Jersey and Staten Island in New York City. When it was completed in 1931, it was the longest steel arch span in the world. Today it is the fifth longest span, with 504 metres. The full length of the bridge is 1,761 metres, which also makes it one of the longest steel span bridges.

Bayonne Bridge
Bayonne Bridge

6. Sydney Harbour Bridge

Nicknamed “The Coathanger” for its arched design, Australian’s lone entry into this list spans Sydney’s harbour (Port Jackson) – hence the name. The world’s sixth longest steel arch span is 503 metres, and was completed in 1932. Yes, one year after the Bayonne Bridge (although work began five years earlier than in New Jersey) , and one metre shorter. The total length is 1,149 metres, and it carries both road vehicles and trains, connecting downtown Sidney with the north shore.

Sydney Harbour Bridge
Sydney Harbour Bridge

7. Wushan Yangtze River Bridge
The seventh longest steel arch span is back in China, crossing the famous Yangtze River.. Completed in 2005, this is another bridge in Chongqing province, with a span of 460 meters and a total length of 612 metres – much smaller than the Chaotianmen Bridge and completed four years earlier, but still one of the world’s most impressive arch span bridges.

Wushan Yangtze River Bridge

Wushan Yangtze River Bridge

8. Mingzhou Bridge
At 450 metres, this sleek, modern-looking span was completed in 2011. The entire length is an impressive 1,250 metres, in the Ningbo, a couple hours south of Shanghai. Some nice metal-bending went into this project.

Mingzhou Bridge

Mingzhou Bridge

9. Zhijinghe River Bridge
Fording the Zhijinghe River in south-central China, with a span of 430 metres, our ninth place bridge was completed in 2009. It is the highest steel arch bridge in the world – 294 metres high. It carries the G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway. Interestingly enough, the same highway is carried over the world’s highest bridge (the Sidu River Suspension Bridge) just 15 kilometres to the east.

Zhijinghe River Bridge

Zhijinghe River Bridge

10. Xinguang Bridge
Rounding out our top ten, we visit Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton), where a span of 428 metres was completed in 2008. The Xinguang Expressway crosses the Pearl River on this bridge for 782 metres.

Xinguang Bridge

Xinguang Bridge
* All images courtesy of Wikipedia.

For more info check http://www.paramount-roll.com/photos/?p=46

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17:06

The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort

Jaipur, October 2017: The Government of Rajasthan in collaboration with Saat Saath Arts is pleased to announce the launch of The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace,  Nahargarh Fort, Jaipur on December 10, 2017.

The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort, aims to turn the palace into an art gallery with sculptures by top Indian and international artists displayed both in and outdoors. The exhibition is curated by Peter Nagy, Director of Nature Morte Art Ltd., and is planned to be an annual fixture. For 2017, artworks by 17 Indian and 8 international artists have currently been selected to be exhibited at the Palace, including: Arman | Huma Bhabha | Astha Butail | James Brown | Stephen Cox | Anita Dube | Vibha Galhotra | Vikram Goyal | Subodh Gupta | Evan Holloway | Matthew Day Jackson | Hans Josephsohn | Jitish Kallat | Reena Kallat | Bharti Kher | Mrinalini Mukherjee | Manish Nai | Gyan Panchal | Prashant Pandey | Benitha Perciyal | Thukral & Tagra | LN Tallur | Ravinder Reddy | Asim Waqif | Arlene Shechet. All artworks for the exhibitions will be sensitively installed to ensure no damage or markings to any surface of the Palace.

This partnership is a first of its kind where the Government has collaborated with a range of corporate sponsors and private individuals to bring a contemporary edge to India’s heritage properties, with the purpose of boosting national and international cultural tourism and visitors to the site. Eminent individuals from leading corporations supporting the project include Shreyasi Goenka (Content Editor DNA & Co-Director, Saat Saath Arts), Nikhil Chaturvedi (Founder & Managing Director, Provogue) Pirojsha Godrej (Executive Chairman, Godrej Properties Ltd.), Shreevar Kheruka (CEO, Borosil Glass Works Ltd), Siddharth Jain (Owner and Director, INOX Group) Ashok Wadhwa (CEO, Ambit Pvt. Ltd.), Mayank Singhal (MD & CEO, PI Industries), and Ajay Kalsi (Founder and Chairman, Indus Gas). Specialists on board include, Grant Thornton as Accounting and Compliance Partner, Khaitan & Co. as Legal Partner, AMITY as Education Partner, IFFCO Tokio as Insurance Partner, Navsoft as Technology Partner, 100 Watts Design as Design Partner and Star Worldwide as Logistics Partner. Many renowned international galleries have also come forward to support this initiative by lending the artworks including  Hauser & Wirth, London, Salon 94, New York, Xavier Hufkens, Brussels, Sikkema Jenkins & Co., New York, Livingstone Gallery, The Hague.

“I believe ART in its many forms, embraces and connects people from across continents and am therefore delighted that the THE SCULPTURE PARK at Nahargarh fort, that stands above the city of JAIPUR looking out and beyond, will be the first permanent INTERNATIONAL ART SPACE in Rajasthan drawing people from far-flung parts of our State and the Indian sub-continent as well as from across the world, bringing them together to share and celebrate diverse international creative expressions.” - The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Smt. Vasundhara Raje



“Our initiative aims to promote India's growing interest in contemporary art and culture whilst also embracing its important heritage. The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace is a true amalgamation of the best of India's past and present, made possible through a unique collaboration between the public and private sector. Saat Saath's endeavour has always been to showcase India's prowess in contemporary art, and to that end, we are thrilled to be able to bring this initiative to the public.”
- Aparajita Jain, Founder & Director, Saat Saath Arts

Under the leadership of the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, the Hon'ble Vasundhara Raje, the state has always maintained a reputation as a destination for arts and culture. Rajasthan is especially rich in architecture and is home to some of the oldest and most famous forts and palaces. The state’s cultural tourism has had a great impact after adopting the contemporary culture and launching a series of cultural events like the renowned Jaipur Literature Festival and an international photography festival Jaipur Photo. In collaboration with eminent professionals from diverse fields, the state also supports various contemporary visual arts, photography and music. The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort, is a great example of a public-private initiative and will encourage the Government to support contemporary art in India.

“For most of my career as a gallerist and curator, I have been trying to break away from the white-box exhibition space. With this project, I am able to indulge my passions for art, architecture and decor into a marvellous synthesis of the past and the present.” - Peter Nagy, Curator, The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort


“Empowered by the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Smt. Vasundhara Raje, there have been some major initiatives to bring the public-private model into play in the larger Arts Space in the state. Ranging across genres, from an International level music festival like Magnetic Fields in Alsisar, Sacred Music in Pushkar, to Jaipur Photo where photographic prints are exhibited in the public domain in the city of Jaipur; fashion shows bringing together international and national designers creating special collections with Rajasthan Khadi; expositions of the Best of Rajasthan Skills; The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort, is the first of its kind and like the other interventions will become a 'must visit' destination for all, but most importantly, for the contemporary art world. Free for the public, in public spaces, Jaipur is becoming a virtual museum celebrating the arts, generating pride and energising all who engage with the city.” - Malvika Singh, Full-time member, Chief Minister's Advisory Council (CMAC), Government of Rajasthan
 
“The Sculpture Park at Madhavendra Palace, Nahargarh Fort, Jaipur will be the first of its kind where an Indian state has collaborated with a non-profit organisation to support contemporary art. We are thankful to the Government of Rajasthan for this alliance and are certain that it will set a great example on how imperative public-private partnerships are in the promotion of public art. I am honoured to be a part of this initiative and thankful to everyone who is involved.” - Shreyasi Goenka, Content Editor DNA & Co-Director Saat Saath Arts




For further information, high-res images and interview requests please contact Kelsang Dolma at Flint Asia E: kelsang.dolma@flint-pr.com T: +91 9870141924





09:14

Buying Art for Interior Design & Styling


Buying art is  a personal thing; some clients have a clear idea about what they like, whilst others really just want something to brighten up their interiors.  However, the reality is that buying art is much more accessible than we may think.  It’s important that buyers and collectors have a really positive, affirming experience looking for artwork and making a purchase.  After all, owning an original piece of art is a joy to cherish.

Here are 10 tips for making your first purchase on behalf of your client or helping them adding to their collection:

(1) Buy art that you love, that moves you, that stirs some kind of reaction in you or that you connect with aesthetically or emotionally. The art market is volatile and unpredictable and the unfortunate reality is that few artists make it into the big leagues. Those that do, do so for a host of reasons, not all of which have anything to do with their work. As such, the likelihood of seeing a significant financial return on your investment is small. You are going to be looking at the piece for many years so you’d better love it. That said, make sure you get a certificate of authenticity from the gallery and keep it somewhere safe, together with the invoice. You may need it for insurance purposes or if you have discovered the next Damien Hirst.

(2) You don’t need a degree in art history but it is worth you getting a feel for the market and prices, which means doing some research. Visit a range of galleries, search online, stop by art fairs and ask friends. If you are looking at the work of a quality emerging artist in a gallery you can expect to pay in the region of £500 to £5,000 + depending on the piece itself, the size and the medium. You can pick up small pieces on paper for less but larger, more significant pieces will be more. Expect to pay an inflated price if you are buying art in tourist locations or resorts.

(3) As you do your research, you’ll also refine your preferences and start to zone in on certain styles and genres. This may happen without you realizing. Use something like Pinterest to save images of pieces you love or mark them in a book or magazine. Then take a step back and see where your taste has taken you. You can then target galleries that match your style. Anecdotally, I have seen collectors’ tastes shift over the years, moving from figurative and representational to expressionist and abstract.

(4) Once you’ve identified a couple of galleries, build a relationship. Like buying houses, you might land on the first piece you see or you may need to look around and go back for several viewings. If you build a relationship with the gallery, you’ll have someone who can look after you, help you navigate the gallery and find the right piece.

(5) Ask questions. Find out more about the artists, their background, the inspiration behind their work and their point of view. You might also want to know about how long they’ve been producing art, what other galleries represent them, what shows their work has appeared in and any awards or prizes they’ve won.  Also ask whether there are any more works by a particular artist that aren’t on display or whether you can commission the artist through the gallery.

(6) Prints, particularly limited edition prints, are a great and potentially more affordable route into art buying and collecting. However, I’d encourage you to buy original pieces. Knowing the work was created by the artist’s hands and is truly unique is a hugely satisfying part of the process.

(7) While art buying and collecting is largely an emotional, intuitive experience, pragmatism also plays a part. Measure the spaces you have in mind for the piece and check it will fit. Can you carry it home? Will it fit in the car or will it need to be shipped? Factor in the price of shipping and framing, if necessary, into your purchase.

(8) Imagine the piece in your home. Artwork can look spectacular in a white-walled minimalist gallery but how will it look in your space? In the past I have printed an image of the piece I’m considering and taped it to the wall to see how it looks.

(9) Sign up to gallery newsletters and follow art blogs. This way you’ll be able to see new work from your favorite artists and new artists joining the gallery or emerging on the scene.  You will be invited to openings and this way you can see your favourite artists work first hand and maybe even get to chat with the artist themselves.

(10) If your client or you already have a collection, think purposefully about the pieces you want to add. Do you want to diversify your style or keep to a theme? Do you want to collect more pieces from the same artists or do you want to add the work of different artists? There are no right or wrong answers but be intentional in your thinking.

 In the UK at the moment interior designers and art galleries work hand in hand together, and many will work on re-colouring the artwork so that it fits into the client’s colour scheme.

Many people have paintings or prints with which to decorate their walls, yet so often they pay little attention to displaying them really well.  As with collections, the golden rule is to group them wherever possible.  Vertical arrangements can be very effective.  Good lighting is a must; if you want your clients to enjoy a fine painting it makes no sense to hang it in semi-darkness.

FOR LONDON SCHOOL OF TRENDS BY SARA CORKER ( http://www.saracorkerdesigns.com/)

BECOMING AN ART CONNOISSEUR

From Art for Dummies...

There have been many gifted and sharp-eyed curators (keepers and protectors) in the 129-year history of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art — hundreds of them, expert in fields as diverse as ancient Egypt, Arms and Armor, and Prints, Drawing, and Photographs. Line up the letters designating the advanced degrees held by the curators who worked at the Metropolitan over the years — those M.A.s, M.F.A.s, and Ph.D.s — and they’d stretch from Maine to Oregon. Yet, the single most accomplished curator in the history of the grand institution had no advanced degree and was self-taught in art history. He was, for most of his life, a stockbroker. His name was William Ivins, and he was responsible for establishing the all-encompassing Prints collection. He was perhaps the most legendary “eye” or connoisseur in the history of the Metropolitan.
What is an “eye”? Simply, someone who can instantly spot quality in art in all its subtle gradations. How did Bill Ivins become such a special “eye”? First, he had the urge to know about art, and second, he possessed an inborn talent for appreciating art, which he may not have recognized for some years. But he needed more than that. He recognized he’d never be able to appreciate art in the right way if he didn’t get saturated.

The bottom line of connoisseurship and art appreciation is saturation — seeing it all. Ivins immersed himself in prints, tens of thousands of them of all kinds and levels of quality. Soon he was cataloging in his keen mind every unique quality — the strokes of genius and the glitches, too. If you examine every one of thousands of existing prints of Rembrandt van Rijn, those in great condition, the messed up ones, the genuine articles, the copies and fakes, in a shorter time than you think, you’ll be able to recognize quality. Ivins did. Just by opening his eyes and looking.

DISTINGUISHING THE GOOD FROM THE BAD
If you keenly examine every painting, sketch, or drawing by that grand Flemish master of the 17th century, Peter Paul Rubens — there are hundreds — you’ll be able to distinguish yards away which one is real and which questionable. If you saturate yourself in absolutely everything Claude Monet ever painted, no matter if that painting is hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris, in the Getty in Los Angeles, or in the bedroom of some wealthy private collector on Park Avenue, you’ll become an expert in Monet. After a total immersion, you’ll be able to spot a top piece — or a phony — a hundred feet away.

You don’t have to start at such heights. If you saturate yourself starting with those ceramic green frogs or clowns on black velvet, you’ll soon gravitate to something better and better, and before you know it, you’ll be blissfully soaking up Rembrandt prints, or Monet paintings, or drawings by Peter Paul Rubens. Gravitating upward is the normal process — it’s all but automatic with the passage of time.

EXAMINING THE REAL THING
Book learning and attending countless lectures by the best art professors and scholars may help sharpen your eye. But they won’t equal a gradual and complete saturation. When you look at works of art, grill them as though they were living human beings. Ask questions! Why is something this way, and something else that way? Peel the work of art like an onion with your eyes! Interrogate it.
For example, a certain piece had been given to the Metropolitan in the early 1930s by a wealthy industrialist who’d specialized in collecting medieval reliquaries. Finger reliquaries are the rarest of the rare — and ones embellished with emeralds were unique. This object was stunning and very costly, but it was not 13th century. It was a fraud. To find out something like this, you might ask questions like the following:
Why can’t the emerald ring be removed? That was a bad sign, for no genuine finger reliquary would ever be adorned, when it was made, with such a secular ornament. Rings were always added later in homage to the saint whose finger bone was preserved in the finger.

Why were there three small silver hallmarks on one of the feet? The problem was that they were typical export marks only applied to gold, not silver, and during the 18th, not the 13th, century, in France, not Germany.

Why was the black material making up the inscription (which happened to be unreadable, by the way) actually made of common tar? The material should be a hard jet-black enamel (called niello).

The problematical answers to the questions all summed up to the reliquary being a fake, made, no doubt, to trap the rich collector who had to pay dearly because, naturally, the emerald was real. In time, through saturation, art connoisseurs can conduct their own interrogations and find whatever inconsistencies existed. You can’t learn how to do this by reading books or attending seminars.

KEEPING YOUR EYE IN TUNE

It doesn’t matter how you go about gorging yourself. To see originals is vital, but photographs can keep your eye constantly trained. One of the keenest great, late art dealers never went to sleep without poring through dozens of photographs of a wide variety of works. Keeping his eye in tune.
Saturation means not only examining all the originals of the artist or period. It also means a judicial reading of the scholarly literature and picking through specialist magazines. But the bottom line is looking, looking, and more looking. Looking will transform a totally untrained person with a keen mind and good vision (for it helps a lot to have great eyesight or polished glasses) into a superior art expert. And the beauty is that anyone can do it with a little obsession and a little time.

The bottom line is never pass up the opportunity to look hard at any work of art (even those frogs), and pass your fingers over its surface (if you’re allowed), and ask a bunch of sharp questions. You will invariably discover something revealing and profound.

TIPS FOR APPRECIATING AND EVALUATING ART

Art is for enjoyment, fun, lifting your spirits. Looking at art should be a pleasurable, immediate experience. You can read about art, but looking at it is the only way to appreciate it. To enlarge your appreciation, follow these tips:
Look at ten works of art each day and your life will change for the better.
       Art and politics never mix.
       Art is not utilitarian.
       Forget about art as an investment. Maybe in 50 years the prices of your works will be higher than when you bought them, but probably not.
       Collect living artists. That way you’ll never buy a fake. You’ll also gain great satisfaction in knowing you’re supporting a cause not usually known for its economic well-being.
       Every work of art, except for those finished yesterday, has changed from its original appearance.
       A reproduction is always a pale reflection of the original.
       Be sure to watch what kind of art your children are creating. One — or more — could have that super touch.

       To judge whether a work of art is any good, ask the following questions about it to see how many can be answered yes:
    Does it express successfully what it’s intending to express?
    Does it amaze you in a different way each time you look at it?
    Does it grow in stature?
    Does it continually mature?
    Does its visual impact of mysterious, pure power increase every day?
    Is it unforgettable?

THE GREATEST ART WORKS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Any compilation of the greatest art is sure to be subjective. But the works in the following list are the ones that made the cut for Thomas Hoving, former director of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art and author of Art For Dummies. He looked upon these works as friends and found something new and inspirational in each every time he looked at them.


King Tut’s Golden Mask
The Isenheim Altarpiece by Grünewald
The Sculptures of the Parthenon
El Greco’s Burial of Count Orgaz
The Scythian Gold Pectoral
Velázquez’s Las Meninas
Nicholas of Verdun’s Enameled Altar
Rembrandt’s Return of the Prodigal Son
Giotto’s Arena Chapel
Goya’s The Third of May, 1808
The Ghent Altarpiece by van Eyck
Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party
Leonardo’s Mona Lisa
Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
Michelangelo’s David

ART HISTORY TIMELINE

By Jesse Bryant Wilder

The history of art is immense, the earliest cave paintings pre-date writing by almost 27,000 years! If you’re interested in art history, the first thing you should do is take a look at this table which briefly outlines the artists, traits, works, and events that make up major art periods and how art evolved to present day:

Art Periods/
Movements
Characteristics
Chief Artists and Major Works
Historical Events
Stone Age (30,000 b.c.–2500 b.c.)
Cave painting, fertility goddesses, megalithic structures
Lascaux Cave Painting, Woman of Willendorf, Stonehenge
Ice Age ends (10,000 b.c.–8,000 b.c.); New Stone Age and
first permanent settlements (8000 b.c.–2500 b.c.)
Mesopotamian (3500 b.c.–539 b.c.)
Warrior art and narration in stone relief
Standard of Ur, Gate of Ishtar, Stele of Hammurabi’s Code
Sumerians invent writing (3400 b.c.); Hammurabi writes his law
code (1780 b.c.); Abraham founds monotheism
Egyptian (3100 b.c.–30 b.c.)
Art with an afterlife focus: pyramids and tomb painting
Imhotep, Step Pyramid, Great Pyramids, Bust of Nefertiti
Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3100 b.c.); Rameses II battles
the Hittites (1274 b.c.); Cleopatra dies (30 b.c.)
Greek and Hellenistic (850 b.c.–31 b.c.)
Greek idealism: balance, perfect proportions; architectural
orders(Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
Parthenon, Myron, Phidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles
Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (490 b.c.); Peloponnesian
Wars (431 b.c.–404 b.c.); Alexander the Great’s conquests
(336 b.c.–323 b.c.)
Roman (500 b.c.– a.d. 476)
Roman realism: practical and down to earth; the arch
Augustus of Primaporta, Colosseum, Trajan’s Column,
Pantheon
Julius Caesar assassinated (44 b.c.); Augustus proclaimed
Emperor (27 b.c.); Diocletian splits Empire (a.d. 292); Rome falls
(a.d. 476)
Indian, Chinese, and Japanese(653 b.c.–a.d. 1900)
Serene, meditative art, and Arts of the Floating World
Gu Kaizhi, Li Cheng, Guo Xi, Hokusai, Hiroshige
Birth of Buddha (563 b.c.); Silk Road opens (1st century b.c.);
Buddhism spreads to China (1st–2nd centuries a.d.) and Japan
(5th century a.d.)
Byzantine and Islamic (a.d. 476–a.d.1453)
Heavenly Byzantine mosaics; Islamic architecture and amazing
maze-like design
Hagia Sophia, Andrei Rublev, Mosque of Córdoba, the
Alhambra
Justinian partly restores Western Roman Empire (a.d.
533–a.d. 562); Iconoclasm Controversy (a.d. 726–a.d.
843); Birth of Islam (a.d. 610) and Muslim Conquests (a.d.
632–a.d. 732)
Middle Ages (500–1400)
Celtic art, Carolingian Renaissance, Romanesque, Gothic
St. Sernin, Durham Cathedral, Notre Dame, Chartres, Cimabue,
Duccio, Giotto
Viking Raids (793–1066); Battle of Hastings (1066);
Crusades I–IV (1095–1204); Black Death
(1347–1351); Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)
Early and High Renaissance (1400–1550)
Rebirth of classical culture
Ghiberti’s Doors, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Botticelli,
Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael
Gutenberg invents movable type (1447); Turks conquer
Constantinople (1453); Columbus lands in New World (1492); Martin
Luther starts Reformation (1517)
Venetian and Northern Renaissance (1430–1550)
The Renaissance spreads north- ward to France, the Low
Countries, Poland, Germany, and England
Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Dürer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan van
Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden
Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation (1545–1563);
Copernicus proves the Earth revolves around the Sun (1543
Mannerism (1527–1580)
Art that breaks the rules; artifice over nature
Tintoretto, El Greco, Pontormo, Bronzino, Cellini
Magellan circumnavigates the globe (1520–1522)
Baroque (1600–1750)
Splendor and flourish for God; art as a weapon in the religious
wars
Reubens, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Palace of Versailles
Thirty Years’ War between Catholics and Protestants
(1618–1648)
Neoclassical (1750–1850)
Art that recaptures Greco-Roman grace and grandeur
David, Ingres, Greuze, Canova
Enlightenment (18th century); Industrial Revolution
(1760–1850)
Romanticism (1780–1850)
The triumph of imagination and individuality
Caspar Friedrich, Gericault, Delacroix, Turner, Benjamin
West
American Revolution (1775–1783); French Revolution
(1789–1799); Napoleon crowned emperor of France (1803)
Realism (1848–1900)
Celebrating working class and peasants; en plein air
rustic painting
Corot, Courbet, Daumier, Millet
European democratic revolutions of 1848
Impressionism (1865–1885)
Capturing fleeting effects of natural light
Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot, Degas
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871); Unification of Germany
(1871)
Post-Impressionism (1885–1910)
A soft revolt against Impressionism
Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat
Belle Époque (late-19th-century Golden Age); Japan
defeats Russia (1905)
Fauvism and Expressionism (1900–1935)
Harsh colors and flat surfaces (Fauvism); emotion distorting
form
Matisse, Kirchner, Kandinsky, Marc
Boxer Rebellion in China (1900); World War
(1914–1918)
Cubism, Futurism, Supremativism, Constructivism, De Stijl
(1905–1920)
Pre– and Post–World War 1 art experiments: new
forms to express modern life
Picasso, Braque, Leger, Boccioni, Severini, Malevich
Russian Revolution (1917); American women franchised
(1920)
Dada and Surrealism(1917–1950)
Ridiculous art; painting dreams and exploring the
unconscious
Duchamp, Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, de Chirico, Kahlo

Disillusionment after World War I; The Great Depression
(1929–1938); World War II (1939–1945) and Nazi horrors;
atomic bombs dropped on Japan (1945)
Abstract Expressionism (1940s–1950s) and Pop Art
(1960s)
Post–World War II: pure abstraction and expression
without form; popular art absorbs consumerism
Gorky, Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, Warhol, Lichtenstein
Cold War and Vietnam War (U.S. enters 1965); U.S.S.R.
suppresses Hungarian revolt (1956) Czechoslovakian revolt
(1968)
Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970– )
Art without a center and reworking and mixing past styles
Gerhard Richter, Cindy Sherman, Anselm Kiefer, Frank Gehry,
Zaha Hadid
Nuclear freeze movement; Cold War fizzles; Communism collapses
in Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. (1989–1991)



        

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